Basic-Gyan

The second law of thermodynamics tells us about the Concept Of Entropy . The term entropy was introduced by the scientist Rudolf Clausius in 1850. This idea comes from the concept that heat always flows from hot to cold regions spontaneously which is equal to the entropy change. The concept of entropy develops from the fact that for energy to be converted into work, there must be some dissipation. This lost energy is called " ENTROPY ". Let us now learn about the entropy for a thermodynamic system.  Before I explain to you about the entropy, let me ask you a question. What do you do in your classroom in the presence of a teacher and without a teacher?? You sit silently and disciplined in the classroom and not moving at all when there is a teacher in the classroom. That means there is no disorder or no randomness in the classroom. But when there is no teacher in the classroom, you all are moving here & there and not showing any discipline. That means there is disorder a...

Since, we know that thermodynamics is concerned with the conversion of heat into work and work into heat. That's why we need a machine that converts heat into work and work into heat.  " A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into work whereas a heat pump or refrigerator is a machine that converts work into heat ".  In this article, we will learn about heat engine, its types, its working principle & efficiency of heat engine in detail. Here, we use both the concepts of 1st law & 2nd law of thermodynamics to understand the working operation of a heat engine. The first law of thermodynamics tells us about the conservation of energy while the second law of thermodynamics tells us about the direction of energy transfer. Introduction To Heat Engine !!!!Converts Thermal/chemical Energy Into Mechanical Energy!!!!! You might have seen such engines. It works with the help of fuel. The fuel burns inside the engine and produces heat. This heat is used to do some use...

As we know that thermodynamic deals with the transformation of energy from one form to another and the laws of thermodynamics describe the limits within which these transformations occur.  The first law of thermodynamics tells us that energy is a conserved quantity and it always changes from one form to another. But the first law of thermodynamics does not tell in which direction, these changes might occured. This is where the second law of thermodynamics comes into the picture. Because the second law of thermodynamics explains the flow of heat along its direction.  !!!The Second Law Of Thermodynamics Overcomes All The Limitations Of The First Law Of Thermodynamics!!! The Second Law was originally formulated in terms of the fact that heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body. Why Second Law Of Thermodynamics Is Needed ☛The second law of thermodynamics helps us to predict whether a process is possible or not. And also it tells us about the direction o...

First law of thermodynamics was developed empirically over about half a century. The first full statements of the law came in 1850 from RUDOLF CLAUSIUS and WILLIAM RANKINE . Rankine's statement was perhaps not quite as clear and distinct as was CLAUSIUS . First law of Thermodynamics is an extension of the law of conservation of energy. Energy cannot created but it can be transferred from one form to another. The two forms considered in the first law are Heat and Work. Thus, the first law of thermodynamics deals with the energy of a system (typically, internal energy) and its interaction with its surroundings across the boundary in the form of heat and work transfer. GENERAL STATEMENT OF FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ........." The total energy of an isolated system or the universe (sum of system and surrounding) is constant or remains the same. Though it may be exchanged between system and surrounding. But It neither increases nor decreases "........... The chemical energy...

As we know that in thermodynamics, the system and its surroundings (or two different systems) interact with each other in the form of mass and energy transfer across the boundary. And " the transfer of energy between the system and the surrounding takes place in two ways, namely heat and work ". Here we will study about thermodynamic work.  First of all we should know, What is work??? And how can we define work in thermodynamic??? WORK-DONE In physics (or in practice),  " W hen a force is acting on an object and due to this force, the object is displaced from one place to another in the direction of the force (or may be in the opposite direction), then the product of force and displacement shows the amount of work done on the object ". Mathematically;            Work-done ＝ force×displacement             ➩ { Work-done, dW ＝ F×dz } Where,      F➛ is the amount of force (or a         ...

" Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to a physical system in order to do work on that system or heat it ". While for the purpose of thermodynamics analysis, energy is classified into two broad categories namely " MACROSCOPIC ENERGIES " and " MICROSCOPIC ENERGIES ".  .......The energy which can be described by taking reference point outside the system or possessed by a body as a whole are called Macroscopic Energy , examples are potential energy, kinetic energy of whole system.   While the energy  which  can be described by taking reference point inside the system are called Microscopic Energy ........ ➛ Microscopic is related to molecular or atomic level whereas macroscopic is not related to molecular or atomic level. Thus, Kinetic energy and Potential energy are the external forms of energies (or macroscopic forms of energies) while Internal energy is an internal form of energy (or Microscopic forms of energies). INTRODUCTION TO...